Date:	Tuesday 11 December 2018
Time:	14:54
Type:	Boeing 777-333ER
Owner/operator:	Air Canada
Registration:	C-FITW
MSN:	35298/638
Year of manufacture:	2007
Total airframe hrs:	54543 hours
Cycles:	6815 flights
Engine model:	General Electric GE90-115B
Fatalities:	Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 393
Aircraft damage:	Substantial, repaired
Category:	Accident
Location:	Hong Kong-Chek Lap Kok International Airport (HKG) -   Hong Kong
Phase:	Landing
Nature:	Passenger - Scheduled
Departure airport:	Toronto-Pearson International Airport, ON (YYZ/CYYZ)
Destination airport:	Hong Kong-Chek Lap Kok International Airport (HKG/VHHH)
Investigating agency:	AAIA
Confidence Rating:	Accident investigation report completed and information captured

Narrative:
Air Canada flight AC15, a Boeing 777-300ER, suffered a tailstrike while landing on runway 07R at Hong Kong-Chek Lap Kok International Airport.
The captain was the Pilot Monitoring (PM) and the Initial Operating Experience Training Captain for the first officer.
The crew anticipated an arrival and landing on runway 07L, however, there was a runway change to 07R. The weather was as expected with a wind velocity from 350 degrees at 12 knots.
The aircraft intercepted the ILS and was stabilised on the approach to runway 07R, on the correct descent profile with the autopilot engaged through 1000 ft. The FO disengaged the autopilot after descending through 500 ft. Following the reversion to manual flight, the approach profile became approximately half a dot above the glideslope.
At approximately 200 ft the aircraft entered into series of minor lateral roll deviations followed by a pronounced roll, first to the left and then to the right in response to the pilot’s control inputs.
In response to the increasing unstable oscillations neither pilot called for or initiated a go around, nor did the other two crew members in the cockpit. At the runway contact point, the aircraft was rolling left and then right with a high rate of descent and a nose high pitch attitude. This resulted in a hard landing with the right main landing gear contacting the runway followed by the left main gear while the aft lower fuselage contacted the runway surface.
The aircraft bounced with the right-hand main landing gear contacting the runway first. The aircraft bounced again, landing on the nose gear followed by both main gears.
After the runway contact and initial bounce there was no call for a go around and after touch down from the subsequent bounce the PM removed the PF's hand from the thrust levers and selected reverse thrust. There was no formal transfer of control and there was a further distraction when a beverage container was dislodged from the PF's holder and dropped on to the floor and the PF bent forward to retrieve it.
The aircraft then completed the landing roll and continued to the parking stand.

The flight crew had recorded the descent and landing using a GoPro or similar action cam mounted on the left hand cockpit side window (without authorization from the airline). The crew voluntarily provided the footage for the investigation.

Causes:
An unstable approach developed due to pilot induced lateral rolling oscillations which coupled with a high rate of descent resulted in an abnormal runway contact.
Contributing Factors:
1) Stabilised Approach Criteria
The late recognition by the PM that the stabilised approach criteria after the second (500 ft) arrival gate was outside the required tolerances.
2) Pilot Flying PIO Onset Recognition
The over controlling (high gain) by the PF resulted in PIO. There is no requirement for PIO onset recognition or recovery actions in the operator’s training procedures.
3) Go Around Decision
- The late recognition by the PM that the aircraft was in an unstable flight condition that should have resulted in an "unstabilised" or a "go around" call from the PM and required an immediate go around.
- The PF did not initiate a go around when the aircraft was in a PIO condition.
4) Pilot Flying Loss of Situational Awareness
Task saturation with the lateral oscillation and high gain corrections resulted in the high descent rate up to the runway contact point.
5) Pilot Monitoring Loss of Situational Awareness
Any decision to go around during the bounce was impeded due to the "startle effect", which delayed any response or action.

06:00 UTC / 14:30 local time:
VHHH 110630Z 33012KT 9999 FEW040 18/10 Q1020 NOSIG

07:00 UTC / 15:00 local time:
VHHH 110700Z 33016KT 9999 FEW040 18/10 Q1020 NOSIG

TSB A18F0282

Other occurrences involving this aircraft

28 May 2012	C-FITW	Air Canada	0	Toronto–Lester B. Pearson International Airport, Ontario (YYZ)		min
Engine failure
29 August 2023	C-FITW	Air Canada	0	Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, QC (YUL/CYUL)		non

Date/time	Contributor	Updates